F250POWER STROKE DIESEL7.3TURBO CHARGER 1997FORD PICKUP TRUCK 5TH WHEEL PART VTG

OWN FREE AND CLEAR

NO LIENS<<<<<<<<<< had a 1500.00 lien now paid in full

have title pink slip

This truck is NOT RUNNING

note:::::::::::::: truck is not running but i got the part to hopefully fix the truck. working to find someone to install, ffering this truck for sale including the duel fuel tank selector value, t is brand new genuine OEM part and ready to install and included

view all our items here at j.b.maxwell and Raise Awareness for Fathers Rights and help STOP "Parental Alienation"

1997 FORD F 250 DIESEL POWER STROKE EXTRA CAB 7.3 WORK TRUCK 5TH WHEEL TRAILER TOW PACKAGE DIESEL PICKUP7.3 Liter Powerstroke Turbo Charged Diesel Engine

Equipped with Extra Beefy Springs, ifth Wheel Hitch, lectric Brakes, ong Bed, l Extra Cab

Bumpers are Heavy Duty Farm Grade with 2" inch and 2 5/8 Ball

Tires Front Matching Pair Bridgestone Radial V-Steel LT 245/75R16 Load Range E M+S Mud and Snow

Rear Pair Matching BF Goodrich Rugged Trail T/A LT 265/75R/16 All have Good Tread

This is my own personal vehicle owned since 2008 hauled my Fathers Estate from the Midwest to California

Average 17-22 mpg with personal best 24 miles per gallon, efore the wider rear tires. diesel get better mpg than gas and is much stronger and known for literally a million miles, nbsp;Used for handyman construction work daily driver, ainting, ree trimming business and hauling our old 1950's family 25 foot camper to and from lake, cean and camping. A great running truck but something has happen to it. I don't know if someone messed with the engine or fuel tank but it will loose power, would switch the fuel tank switch inside the cab and it would start up, un again for miles or days later die again. A Ford Dealership Mechanic says it could be the Duel Tank Selector Valve. I went to change the old valve and broke the plastic nipple. but got a new one and needs to be installed, he fuel tank selector valve included with this this auction. it is oem original part. Would like to get the truck fixed but limited time moving for my daughter back to the midwest

Drive Shaft Train 5 Speed Transmission shift forward and reverse works fine 5 speed over drive get great fuel mileage,

Brakes are Strong,

Alignment and Suspension is excellent.

Head, ail, nd Turning Lights are all in proper working order.

Exhaust System is complete. Under Body has little minimal surface rust. I got the truck originally in 2008 from Arkansas drove it to Kansas and then here to Califronia and all around California for years.

The Interior Seat are mostly clean. It is a Great Truck, ust got to get it going again

Things to replace if you want top notch condition:::::::::::::::::::::interior door handle. Front wind shield<<< i've been driving it since i got it this way with a cracked windshield as it is below the line of sight for me. Interior dome light bulb << a little 2 year old girl pulled the light bulb out. The tail gate has years of farm and construction use. There is a dent to the drives cab panel that makes the door stick a adjustment. i just lift up on the handle, ince it is a work truck i did not fix it as this is the way i got it in 2008. Could use some auto body but you can see from the photos this is pretty clean truck, nbsp;Both battery needs replaced and the new one is not included as it not the right size, oo small

mileage is 325k the people in Arkansas said the truck had been worked on and ran better than 250 thousand listed and when a mechanic friend of a neighbor looked at in back when we lived in Oceanside CA, e worked for the city as one of their mechanics, e said it ran like it had only 90 thousand miles, o it is a great truck but he is Oceanside and truck is Lancster so i am looking for a desil mechanic out here

Exterior Paint Color, an Gold Beige Chrome Trim Interior Tan Brown

Power Stroke Super Duty Heavy Duty ¾ Three Quarter Ton Long 8' Foot Bed with Rhino Bed Liner. Extra Cab Fold Down Seat Room for Extra Storage, assengers, ools, quiptment Pick Up XL Large Truck Tow Package including Electric Brakes Sentinel Tekonsha Power Assist Electric Brake Adjustable Controller,Long Wheel Base, ong Studs for Dually 4x2 Rear Wheel Drive Beef Support Springs, nbsp;Front Rear Custom Bumper, nbsp;Alpine CDA 9825 Stereo CD Receiver AM FM Radio, B Radio Antenna.

the CB is already in storage unit and may not be able to find. okay?

1997 f250 in California is last year of pickup truck<<<< this truck does NOT have to smog

has 2 fuel tanks. DMV considers this a Commercial Vehicle

engine has compression turns freely, nbsp;charged the batteries and took picture so you can see oil pressure gauge though battery show real low

truck in non op license tags from april 2014 so will put tags back in operation once sells

since not running have decided to sell for parts, ix, crap, epair again no leins own this free and clear. Bring a Trailer or have to Tow as currently not driveable,

YOU ARE WELCOME TO VIEW AND INSPECT IN PERSON

This era of 1990's Ford Trucks are known for being Very Dependable, orth Fixing,

THANKS FOR LOOKING

key words Toy Hauler Camper R.V. Recreation Vehicle Travel Country Cowboy Cowgirl Western Rodeo Camp The Great Outdoors

collectible vintageclassicoldantiqueitems here at j.b.maxwell From Southern California Palmdale Lancaster Ca. West Coast THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAMade in U.S.A.
Payments:::::::::::::::::::::: 500 dollar payment due in 24 hours of auction ending. Full payment due in 72 hours of listing ending. Truck can be stored for up to 30 days but full payment must be made in the 72 hour time limit. After 30 days truck storage charged 75.00 per month to store
view all items from j.b.maxwell
Raise Awareness for Fathers Rights
The following is from Wikipedia:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Parental alienationFrom Wikipedia, he free encyclopediaParental alienation(or Hostile Aggressive Parenting) is a group of behaviors that are damaging to children's mental and emotional well-being, nd can interfere with a relationship of a child and either parent. These behaviors most often accompany high conflict marriages, eparation or divorce. These behaviors whether verbal or non-verbal, ause a child to be mentally manipulated or bullied into believing a loving parent is the cause of all their problems, nd/or the enemy, o be feared, ated, isrespected and/or avoided.[1]Characteristics, uch as lack ofempathyand warmth, etween the rejected parent and child are some indicators.[2]The term does not apply in cases of actualchild abuse, hen the child rejects the abusing parent to protect themselves.[3]Parental alienation is controversial in legal and mental health professions, oth generally and in specific situations.[4][5]Terms related to parental alienation include child alienation, athological alignments, isitation refusal,brainwashing, athological alienation,[6]the toxic parent andparental alienation syndrome,[7]

Contents[hide]

• 1Overview
• 2Professional acceptance
• 3Differentiation
• 4Developments since 2010
• 5See also
• 6External links
• 7Further reading
• 8References

Overview[edit]First described in 1976 as "pathological alignment", he dynamic refers to a situation in which a child unreasonably rejects a non-custodial parent.[8]Richard A. Gardnerproposedparental alienation syndromein the 1980s based on his clinical experience with the children of divorcing parents. Since that time, ther researchers have suggested focusing less on diagnosing a syndrome and more on what has been described as the "alienated child", nd the dynamics of the situation that have contributed to the alienation.[5][9]In this view, lienation is seen as a breakdown ofattachmentbetween parent and child and may be caused by multiple factors. The behaviors of all family members, ncluding those of the alienated parent, ay lead tofamily dysfunctionand the rejection of a parent.[10][11]The evaluation of all contributing factors and all possible remedies are recommended in evaluating cases where children have become estranged from a parent.[5][12]

Parental alienation lacks a single definition and its existence,etiology, haracteristics, nd in particular the concept ofparental alienation syndromehave been the subject of debate. Some formulations of the concept have emphasized the role of an alienating parent, ermed variously the "programming" parent or "embittered-chaotic parent".[8]More recent descriptions, nfluenced by the research of Kelly and Johnston, ave proposed a more complex analysis, n which all family members may play a role. This "systems-based" view acknowledges that a child may be alienated from one parent without "alienating" behaviour by the other parent.[5][8]The results of an empirical study also suggest that alienating behaviors by both parents are the norm in high-conflict divorces. Rejected parents, enerally fathers, end to lack warmth and empathy with the child; instead, hey engage in rigid parenting and critical attitudes. The rejected parent is often passive, epressed, nxious, nd withdrawn - characteristics which may encourage further rejection. The parent that the child aligns with (the aligned parent) may engage in alienating behaviors, ncluding undermining the other parent. These behaviors may be conscious and deliberate or, lternatively, ay reflect a lack of awareness on the effect of the actions on the children. Direct alienating behaviors occur when one parent actively undermines the other parent, uch as making derogatory remarks about the other parent, elling the child that the other parent is responsible for the separation, r telling the child that the other parent is the cause of financial difficulties. Indirect alienation behaviors occur when one parent fails to support access or contact with the other parent or tacitly accepts the child's negative behaviour and comments towards the other parent.[5][8]

Most of thepeer-reviewedpublications on the subject have been in the form of descriptions and definitions. Someempirical researchhas been done, hough the quality of the studies vary widely and research in the area is still underdeveloped.[13]Sample selection bias is an obvious problem in many of the studies. For example, hen alienated children have been interviewed, t is likely that the children selected for study have been among the most severely alienated and suffering children. The beliefs ofjudges,lawyers, ndmental healthprofessionals have been cited extensively in peer reviewed literature.[8]Nonsensical

Professional acceptance[edit]A survey of mental health and legal professionals indicated that there is moderate support for the existence of parental alienation. However, here remains general reluctance to accept the concept of parental alienation syndrome (PAS).[8]William Bernet argued for the inclusion ofparental alienation disorder, diagnosis related to parental alienation, n the fifth version of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, hich was released in 2013. His conception makes reference to PAS and a variety of other descriptions of behaviors he believes represent the underlying concept of parental alienation disorder.[7]Despite lobbying by proponents,[14]in December 2012, he proposal was rejected.[15]Similarly, he American Psychological Association has rejected Parental Alienation Syndrome as unscientific and sexist. The APA whitepaper notes: "Although there are no data to support the phenomenon called parental alienation syndrome, n which mothers are blamed for interfering with their children’s attachment to their fathers, he term is still used by some evaluators and courts to discount children’s fears in hostile and psychologically abusive situations." [ American Psychological Association, iolence and the Family, merican Psychological Association, ashington, .C., 996, .40] Some have suggested that the general idea of PAS is covered in theDSM-5under a closely related diagnosis: "Parent-Child Relational Problem." For example, he child’s perception of an alienated parent "may include negative attributions of the other’s intentions, ostility toward or scapegoating of the other (parent), nd unwarranted feelings of estrangement."[16][17]

In a survey at the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts in 2010, 8% of the 300 respondents agreed with the question, Do you think that some children are manipulated by one parent to irrationally and unjustifiably reject the other parent?".[18]However, arental Alienation Syndrome refers not to this manipulation, ut to a serious illness in the child in which he or she despises and rejects one of the parents. Since both the American Psychiatric Association and American Psychological Association have explicitly rejected Parental Alienation Syndrome, t does not meet the Frye test for admissibility in court in most states. Attorneys and expert witnesses may still argue that a parent undermines the child's relationship with the other parent through inappropriate actions or statements.

Differentiation[edit]Realistic estrangement is a different phenomenon from "pathological alienation". The former is an understandable refusal by a child to see anabusiveparent, hile the latter is emotionally harmful and unjustified.[5]

Developments since 2010[edit]Superior courts worldwide are now recognising parental alienation as serious child abuse with long-term effects and serious outcomes for the “PAS Child”. Some jurisdictions have enacted parental alienation as a criminal offence, he latest being Brazil and Mexico.[19]

As a result of mistrust of psychological expert witnesses,[20]many courts now require professional accreditation and registration of any person invoking the term parental alienation.

See also[edit]

• Parental alienation syndrome
• Family estrangement
• Gatekeeper parent
• Parentification
• Social rejection

Further reading[edit]

• Co-parenting with a Toxic Ex: What to Do When Your Ex-Spouse Tries to Turn the Kids Against You(2014) by Amy J. L. Baker and Paul R Fine
• Divorce Poison: How to Protect Your Family from Bad-mouthing and Brainwashing, y Richard Ades Warshak (2010, pdated edition)
• Parental Alienation, SM-5, nd ICD-11, y William Bernet (Author, ditor) (2010)
• Adult Children of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Breaking the Ties That Bindby Amy J. L. Baker

Thefathers' rights movementis a movement whose members are primarily interested in issues related tofamily law, ncludingchild custodyandchild supportthat affect fathers and theirchildren.[1][2]Many of its members are fathers who desire to share the parenting of their children equally with their children's mother—either afterdivorceor as unwed fathers, nd the children of the terminated marriage. The movement includes women as well as men, ften the second wives of divorced fathers or other family members of men who have had some engagement withfamily law.[1][3][4]Most of the members of the fathers' rights movement had little prior interest in the law or politics. However, s they felt that their goal of equal shared parenting was being frustrated by the family courts, any took an interest in family law, ncluding child custody and child support.[1][2][5]

Though it has been described as asocial movement,[6][7]members of the movement believe their actions are better described as part of acivil rights movement.[5][8]Objections to the characterizations of the movement as a social movement are related to the belief that discrimination against fathers moves beyond thesocial sciencesand originates in government intervention into family life.[9]

The movement has received international press coverage as a result of high profile activism of their members,[1][2]has become increasingly vocal, isible and organised, nd has played a powerful role in family law debates.[1]

Contents[hide]

• 1Demographics
  • 1.1Political and social views
• 2Movement
• 3Main issues
  • 3.1Family court system
  • 3.2Shared parenting
  • 3.3Child support
  • 3.4Parenting time interference
  • 3.5No-fault divorce
  • 3.6Government involvement
  • 3.7Parental and reproductive rights
  • 3.8Parental leave
  • 3.9Terminology
• 4Criticisms
• 5Notable commentators
• 6See also
• 7Footnotes
• 8References
• 9External links

Demographics[edit]The fathers' rights movement exists almost exclusively inindustrialized countries, heredivorcehas become more common.[10][not in citation given]It emerged in theWestfrom the 1960s onwards as part of themen's movementwith organizations such asFamilies Need Fatherswhich originated in the 1970s.[11][12]In the late twentieth-century the growth of the internet permitted wider discussion, ublicity and activism about issues of interest to fathers' rights activists.[13]Factors thought to contribute to the development of the fathers' rights movement include shifting householddemographicsbrought about by rising divorce and falling marriage rates, hanges in the understanding and expectations of fatherhood, otherhood and childhood as well as shifts in how legal systems impact families.[1][2][14]

Fathers' rights groups in the West are primarily composed of white,middleorworking class, eterosexual men.[11][15][16][17]Members tend to be politically conservative[4][18]but do not share a single set of political or social views[18]and are highly diverse in their goals and methods.[12][19]Members of the fathers' rights movement advocate for strong relationships with their children[18]and focus on a narrowly defined set of issues based on the concerns of divorced or divorcing men.[12]Women, ften new partners including second wives or other family members of men who have had some engagement withfamily lawand mothers without custody, re also members of the fathers' rights movement and fathers' rights activists emphasize this.[3][17][20]Two studies of fathers' rights groups in North America found that fifteen percent of their members were women.[4][17]

The fathers' rights movement organizationsFamilies Need Fathersand the Lone Fathers Association have campaigned for fathers' rights over many decades.[1][3][21]Longer lasting organizations appear to result from the longterm dedication and commitment of key individuals.[3][21]Other fathers' rights groups have tended to form and dissolve quickly.[1][3][21][22]Internal disagreements over ideology and tactics are common,[23]and members tend not remain with the groups after they have been helped.[1][3]

Political and social views[edit]The fathers' rights movement has both liberal and conservative branches, ith different viewpoints about how men and women compare. Though both groups agree on the victimization and discrimination against men, hey disagree on why men and women differ (nature versus nurture) and traditionalgender roles. The liberal version believes differences between the sexes are due to culture and supports equality between men and women; in contrast the conservative branch believes in traditionalpatriarchal/complementaryfamilies and that the differencesbetween genders are due to biology.[24][25][26]Ross Parke and Armin Brott view the fathers' rights movement as one of three strands within themen's movementthat deal almost exclusively with fatherhood, he other two being the good fathers' movement and groups forming the Christian Men's movement – thePromise Keepersbeing the largest.[18]

Warren Farrell, veteran of the women's, en's and fathers' movement since the 1970s, escribes the fathers' rights movement as part of a larger "gender transition movement" and thinks that, imilar to women in the 1960s, athers are transitioning from gender-based to more flexible family roles. Farrell also believes the movement helps children by increasing the number who are raised equally by both parents which in turn increases the children's social, cademic, sychological, nd physical benefits—in his opinion it becomes achildren's rightsissue with fathers acting as advocates.[10][not in citation given]

Movement[edit]Members of the fathers' rights movement assert that fathers are discriminated against as a result of gender bias in family law,[2][12][25][26]that custody decisions have been a denial of equal rights,[26][27]and that the influence of money has corrupted family law.[28]The movement's primary focus has been to campaign (including lobbying and research) for formal legal rights for fathers, nd sometimes for children, nd to campaign for changes to family law related to child custody, upport and maintenance, omestic violence and the family court system itself. Fathers’ rights groups also provide emotional and practical support for members during separation and divorce.[1]

Some fathers' rights groups have become frustrated with the slow pace of traditional campaigning for law reform; groups such as the originally UK-basedFathers 4 Justicehave become increasingly vocal and visible, ndertaking public demonstrations which have attracted public attention and influenced the politics of family justice.[12]Following protests, ome fathers' rights activists have been convicted of offenses such as harassment and assault.[29][30][31]Fathers' rights groups have condemned threats and violent acts,[32][33][34]withMatt O'Connorof Fathers 4 Justice asserting that his organisation was committed to "peaceful, on-violent direct action" and that members caught engaging in intimidation would be expelled.[35]

Main issues[edit]Family court system[edit]See also:Family lawStephen Baskervilleis an associate professor of political science, resident of theAmerican Coalition of Fathers and Childrenand fathers' rights advocate and defines court-determined custody as not a right to parent one's children but as the power to prevent the other partner from parenting.[36]Members of the fathers' rights movement state that family courts are biased against fathers and shared custody.[37][38]Baskerville states that the outcome of divorce is overly one-sided and is initiated by mothers in more than two-thirds of cases – especially when children are involved. He also states that divorce provides advantages for women such as automatic custody of the children and financial benefits in the form of child support payments.[39]Members of the FR movement also state that family courts are slow to help fathers enforce their parental rights[40](a claim backed up by research[41]), xpensive and time-consuming.[42]

Baskerville has also stated that family courts are secretive, ensoring and punitive towards fathers who criticize them.[36]He also claims that employees and activists within the courts support and benefit from the separation of children from their parents[43]and that family law today represents civil rights abuses and intrusive perversion of government power.[44]

Others[who?]contest these conclusions, tating that family courts are biased in favor of fathers[citation needed]and that the lower percentage of separated fathers as custodial parents is a result of choices made by fathers rather than bias of family courts.[45]According to sociologistMichael Flood, ather's rights activists have exaggerating the disparity in custody awards between mothers and fathers, nd ignored the fact that in the vast majority of cases, athers voluntarily relinquish custody of their children through private arrangements; either because they are willing to do so, r because they do not expect a favorable court ruling.[46]

Shared parenting[edit]Main articles:Child custody,shared parentingandbest interestsStating that "children need two parents" and that "children have a fundamental human right to an opportunity and relationship with both their mother and father", embers of the fathers’ rights movement call for greater equality in parental responsibility following separation and divorce.[47][48]They call for laws creating arebuttable presumptionof 50/50 shared custody after divorce or separation, o that children would spend equal time with each parent unless there were reasons against it.[49]They point to studies showing that children in shared custody settings are better adjusted and have fewer social problems such as low academic achievement, rime, regnancy, ubstance abuse, epression and suicide,[43][50][51]and state that shared parenting is in fact in the best interests of the child.[52][53]Warren Farrell states that for children, qually shared parenting with three conditions (the child has about equal time with mom and dad, he parents live close enough to each other that the child does not need to forfeit friends or activities when visiting the other parent, nd there is no bad-mouthing) is the second best family arrangement to the intact two-parent family, ollowed by primary father custody and then primary mother custody, nd he adds that if shared parenting cannot be agreed upon, hildren on average are better off psychologically, ocially, cademically, nd physically, ave higher levels of empathy and assertiveness, nd lower levels of ADHD, f their father is their primary custodial parent rather than their mother.[10]

Members of the fathers' rights movement and their critics disagree about the correlation of negative developmental outcomes for children to sole custody situations. Social scientist V. C. McLoyd states that father absence covaries with other relevant family characteristics such as the lack of an income from a male adult, he absence of a second adult, nd the lack of support from a second extended family system and conclude that it is the negative effects of poverty, nd not the absence of a father, hat result in negative developmental outcomes.[54]On the other hand, rofessor Craig Hart states that although the consequences of poverty and having a single parent are interrelated, ach is a risk factor with independent effects on children,[55]and Silverstein and Auerbach state that the negative outcomes for children in sole custody situations correlate more strongly to "fatherlessness" than to any other variable including poverty.[56][57]

Members of the fathers' rights movement criticize thebest interestsof the child standard currently used in many countries for making custody decisions, hich they describe as highly subjective and based on the personal prejudices of family court judges and court-appointed child custody evaluators,[52][53][58][59]and that courts are abusive when more than half custody is taken away from a willing, ompetent parent.[60]Members of the fathers' rights movement including Ned Holstein state that a rebuttable presumption of shared parenting is supported by a majority of citizens.[61]Baskerville writes that proposals to enact shared parenting laws are opposed by divorce lawyers, nd he says that "radical feminist" groups oppose shared parenting because of the possibility of domestic violence and child abuse.[62]

Mo Yee Lee states that joint custody arrangements are good for children only if there is no conflict between the parents.[63]Feminist groups state that if shared parenting were ordered, athers would not provide their share of the daily care for the children.[45]TheNational Organization For Womenalso questions the motives of those promoting shared parenting, oting that it would result in substantial decreases in or termination of child support payments.[64]

Stephen Baskerville states that shared parenting has been demonstrated to reduce parental conflict by requiring parents to cooperate and compromise, nd that it is the lack of constraint by one parent resulting from the ability of that parent to exclude the other, hat results in increased parental conflict.[65][66]He further states that only when child support guidelines exceed true costs do parents ask for or seek to prevent changes in parenting time for financial reasons, dding that any argument that a parent is asking for increased parenting time to reduce child support is at the same time an argument that the other parent is making a profit from child support.[67][68]

Stephen Baskerville describes no-fault or unilateral divorce based on no fault as a power grab by the parent that initiates the divorce and he also states that fathers have a constitutional right to shared control of their children and through political action they intend to establish parental authority for both parents and for the well-being of their children.[69][70]Members of the fathers' rights movement state that a rebuttable presumption for shared parenting preserves a child's protection against unfit or violent parents.[71]

Pro-feministsociologistMichael Floodstates that supporters of shared parenting use it only as a symbolic issue related to "rights", equality", nd "fairness" and that the father's rights movement is not actually interested in the shared care of their children or the children's wishes, dding that fathers’ rights groups have advocated policies and strategies which are harmful to mothers and children and also harmful to the fathers themselves.[72]In contrast, ocial scientist Sanford Braver states that the bad divorced dad image is a myth that has led to harmful and dangerous social policies.[73]

Child support[edit]See also:Child supportandpaternity fraudMembers of the fathers’ rights movement campaign for the reform of child support guidelines, hich in most Western countries are based on maintaining the children's standard of living after separation, nd on the assumption that the children live with one parent and never with the other.[74][75]Activists state that the current guidelines are arbitrary, rovide mothers with financial incentives to divorce, nd leave fathers with little discretionary income to enjoy with the children during their parenting time.[39][74][76]In the US, athers’ rights activists propose guidelines based on a Cost Shares model, n which child support would be based on the average income of the parents and the estimated child costs incurred by both parents.[4]Laura W. Morgan has stated that it focuses on the relative living standards of divorcing parents rather than the best interests of the children and financially supporting them at the same level after divorce.[77]

Solangel Maldonado states that the law should value a broader definition of fathering for poor fathers by reducing the focus on collecting child support and encouraging the informal contributions (such as groceries, lothes, oys, ime with the children) of these fathers, y counting these contributions as child support.[78]

Members of the fathers’ rights movement state that child support should be terminated under certain conditions, uch as if the custodial parent limits access to the children by moving away against the wishes of the other parent, ives fraudulent testimony, r if paternity fraud is discovered,[75]adding that two men should not have to pay child support for the same child.[74]

Stephen Baskerville states that it is often difficult for fathers in financial hardship or who take on a larger caregiving role with their children to have their child support payments lowered. He also states that unemployment is the primary cause of child support arrears, nd further states that these arrearages make the father subject to arrest and imprisonment without due process.[57]

Stephen Baskerville states that the purpose of child support should be publicly determined, nd enforcement programs must be designed to serve that purpose, bserving the due process of law.[79]

Supporters of the fathers' rights movement assert that some women make false claims of domestic violence, exual or child abuse in order to gain an upper hand in divorce, ustody disputes and/or prevent fathers from seeing their children, nd they state that lawyers advise women to make such claims.[11][58]They state that false claims of domestic violence and child abuse are encouraged by the inflammatory "win or lose" nature of child custody hearings, hat men are presumed to be guilty rather than innocent by police and by the courts,[75][80]Lawyers and advocates for abused women assert that family court proceedings are commonly accompanied with allegations of domestic violence because of the prevalence of domestic violence in society rather than as a result of false allegations of domestic violence. They also assert that domestic violence often begins or increases around the time of divorce or separation.[49]Academic critic, ichael Flood, rgues that fathers' rights groups have had a damaging impact on the field of domestic violence programming and policy by attempting to discredit female victims of violence, o wind back the legal protections available to victims and the sanctions imposed on perpetrators, nd to undermine services for the victims of men’s violence.[81][81]Stephen Baskerville asserts that when child abuse occurs the perpetrator is not likely to be the father, nd that the child abuse most often occurs after the father has been separated from his children.[39]Baskerville proposes that domestic violence and child abuse must be adjudicated as criminal assault, bserving due process protections, nd that government funding for programs addressing these issues must be made contingent on such protections.[79]

Parenting time interference[edit]See also:Gatekeeper parentandParental alienation syndromeGlenn Sacksstates that some mothers interfere with the father's parenting time and that such interference should be stopped.[82]Sacks andJeffery M. Levingstate that parenting time interference can result from the custodial parent's relocation beyond a practical distance from the noncustodial parent and they campaign for a rebuttable presumption prohibiting such relocations.[83]

Fathers' rights activists have also advocated for the inclusion of parental alienation syndrome, proposed syndrome developed byRichard A. Gardnerthat alleges unjustified disruption of the relationship between a parent and a child is caused by the other parent.[84]Neither PAS nor PAD are accepted by any legal or mental health organization.[85][86]Despite lobbying, arental alienation syndrome was not included in the draft of the DSM manual which was released in 2010,[87]though parental alienation disorder does appear as a "Condition Proposed by Outside Sources" to be reviewed by a working group.[88]

No-fault divorce[edit]Main article:No-fault divorceStephen Baskervillestates that laws establishing no-fault divorce did not stop at removing the requirement that grounds be cited for a divorce, o as to allow for divorce by "mutual consent"; it also allows either spouse to end the marriage without any agreement or fault by the other.[89]Phyllis Schlafly states that no-fault divorce should be referred to as unilateral divorce.[90]

Stephen Baskerville states that laws establishing no-fault divorce can be seen as one of the boldest social experiments in modern history that have effectively ended marriage as a legal contract.[91]He states that it is not possible to form a binding agreement to create a family, dding that government officials can, t the request of one spouse, nd a marriage over the objection of the other.[91]He states that no-fault divorce has left fathers with no protection against what they describe as the confiscation of their children.[92]

Baskerville states that fault has entered through the back door in the form of child custody hearings, nd that the forcibly divorced spouse ("defendant") is presumed guilty.[93]Similarly, ther members of the fathers' rights movement believe that men fail to get appropriate recognition of their innocence as a result of no-fault divorce.[3]Baskerville describes a proposed amendment of no-fault divorce laws that would create arebuttable presumptionthat custody of any minor children be awarded to the respondent [who is innocent or does not wish to divorce] regardless of gender. He also notes the predictions of Tim O'Brien, he author of the proposed amendment, ho states that the proposed amendment would result in a plummeting divorce rate and reduced negative consequences for children.[94]

Stephen Baskerville proposes "reasonable limits" on no-fault divorce when children are involved.[79]Some members of the FRM support the end of the no-fault principle in child custody and divorce decisions.[3][95][96]Some members of the fathers' rights movement state that the availability of divorce should also be limited.[3]

Government involvement[edit]Stephen Baskerville states that governments throughout the United States and other democracies are engaged, y accident or design, n a campaign against fathers and fatherhood, hich in his view, ies at the root of a larger problem that threatens marriage, estroys families, evastates the lives of many children, nd underminesparents,democracyandaccountability.[97]Baskerville also states that it is the removal of the father from the family through divorce that initiates problems for which the government is perceived as the solution rather than the problem, nd that these problems are then used to justify the continued existence and expansion of the government.[98]Members of the fathers' rights movement state that modern divorce involves government officials invading parents' private lives, victing people from their homes, eizing their property, nd taking away their children.[99][100]

Parental and reproductive rights[edit]Main article:Parents' rights movementFathers' rights advocates have worked for the right of unwed, therwise fit, athers to get custody if the mother tries to have their childadoptedby a third party or if child welfare authorities place the child infoster care.[24][101]Fathers' rights activists seek a gender-neutral approach in which unwed men and women would have equal rights in adoption issues, n approach which critics state does not sufficiently acknowledge the different biological roles in procreation and pregnancy, nd the disparity in society's social and economic structures.[101][102]In the US, ome states have passed laws to protect the rights of unwed fathers to custody. Courts have increasingly supported these rights, hough judges often require evidence that the father has shown interest in, nd given financial and emotional support to, he mother during pregnancy.[24][103]

Some fathers' rights advocates have sought the right to prevent women from having anabortionwithout the father's consent, n the basis that it is discriminatory for men not to have the ability to participate in a decision to terminate a pregnancy.[24][104]This option is not supported by any laws in the United States.[105]Fathers' rights advocates Jeffrey M. Leving andGlenn Sackshave stated that "choice for men is a flawed solution."[106]Advocates have also expressed the desire to have a"financial abortion"in which the option exists to sever all responsibility for child support for an unwanted child. Commenting on this, egal scholar Kim Buchanan states that "The only way men’s lack of a pregnancy opt-out can be framed as a gender injustice is to accept that men have a right to visit the consequences of unprotected sex (or contraceptive failure) exclusively on their female partners."[105]However, ome feminists, uch as former president of the feminist organizationNational Organization for Women, ttorneyKaren DeCrow, ave supported the"financial abortion"concept.[107]

Parental leave[edit]Main article:Paternity leavePressure from father's rights groups amongst others have in several countries resulted in gender-neutral program eligibility for parental leave programs. While historically, aternity benefits were given to mothers based on the physical biology of childbirth, ncluding the need to protect the health and financial well-being of the woman and child, arental leave benefits emphasize gender-neutral child-rearing, he benefits of the participation of fathers in children's care, nd redress discrimination against men who wish to be involved with their infants.[108][109]

Terminology[edit]Some fathers' rights activists object to the term "visitation" which they see as denigrating their authority as a parent. Instead, hey prefer the use of "parenting time".[110]

Criticisms[edit]Some legal scholars and feminist writers have accused the father's rights movement of putting the interests of fathers above the interests of children, or example, y suggesting that it is acceptable for fathers to withdraw child support if they are not given access to their children, r lobbying for changes in family law that would allegedly heighten children's exposure to abusive fathers.[46][111]

ResearchersMartha Fineman,Michael Flood, nd others have criticized the movement for allegedly perpetuating negative stereotypes of women as deceptive, indictive, nd irresponsible, s well as the stereotype that women are out to take advantage of men financially.[46][111][11

Notable commentators[edit]Public supporters of the fathers' rights movement and their issues, ncludeLive AidfounderBob Geldof,[115]Irish writer and journalistJohn WatersandKaren DeCrow, ormer president of theNational Organization for Women.[116][117]Other notable commentators include:

• Bettina Arndt
• Asa Baber
• Warren Farrell
• Wendy McElroy
• Glenn Sacks
• Phyllis Schlafly
• Christina Hoff Sommers
• Stephen Baskerville
• Jeffery M. Leving

See also[edit]Men's rights portal

• Divorce Corpbook and film that explores injustice and corruption within the family court system of the U.S.
• Fathers' rights movement by country
• Masculism
• Men's movement
• Stay-at-home dad